Since its anatomical characterization by the prominent Spanish neuroanatomist and Noble laureate Ramon Y Cajal at the end of the 19th century, it has been the subject of intense scientific study. The neocortex has an enigmatic, characteristic and repeating architecture of neuronal types and layers, which is largely preserved across modalities and across species, with minor variations on the theme. It is a 2-3mm thick sheet of tissue on the surface of the brain, organized in modules for specific modalities, and densely interconnected by dense information exchange highways, the neocortical white matter axons. The neocortex is the part of the brain which endows us with many of our most human-like cognitive abilities, such as language and logical reasoning, but is also the center of sensory perception, motor planning, and adaptive associative processing for all mammals.
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